The Impact of Natural Resources, Renewable Energy, and International Trade on Sustainable Economic Growth in APEC

This study analyzes the influence of natural resources, renewable energy consumption, and international trade on sustainable economic growth in 14 APEC member countries during the period 1995–2021. Using the fixed effect model (FEM) panel data regression method, the results show that these three variables have a positive and significant effect on sustainable economic growth. Natural resources provide the largest contribution, followed by renewable energy and international trade. These findings emphasize the importance of integrating sustainable resource management, clean energy transition, and green trade in supporting inclusive and environmentally friendly economic development in the APEC region.