Green Organizational Practices and Work Engagement: The Mediating Roles of Employee Green Behaviour and Environmental Awareness

Environmental sustainability has encouraged organizations to adopt green management practices that enhance both environmental and employee outcomes. This study examines the effects of Green Human Resource Management, Green Organizational Culture, and Green Transformational Leadership on Work Engagement through the mediating roles of Employee Green Behaviour and Environmental Awareness among millennial employees in Indonesian digital startups. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, we collected data from 200 respondents and analyzed them using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that Green HRM and Green Transformational Leadership significantly influence Employee Green Behaviour and Environmental Awareness. However, Green Organizational Culture does not significantly affect either mediator. Furthermore, Employee Green Behaviour and Environmental Awareness positively influence Work Engagement. Mediation analysis shows that Employee Green Behaviour mediates the effect of Green Transformational Leadership on Work Engagement, while Environmental Awareness mediates the effects of Green HRM and Green Transformational Leadership on Work Engagement. These findings highlight the importance of green leadership and sustainability-oriented HR practices in enhancing employee engagement within digital startup organizations.